Toàn tập Solana

Gửi Transaction

Làm thế nào để gửi SOL

Để gửi SOL, bạn sẽ cần tương tác với SystemProgramopen in new window.

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import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const fromKeypair = Keypair.generate();
  const toKeypair = Keypair.generate();

  const connection = new Connection(
    "https://api.devnet.solana.com",
    "confirmed"
  );

  const airdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    fromKeypair.publicKey,
    LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );

  await connection.confirmTransaction(airdropSignature);

  const lamportsToSend = 1_000_000;

  const transferTransaction = new Transaction().add(
    SystemProgram.transfer({
      fromPubkey: fromKeypair.publicKey,
      toPubkey: toKeypair.publicKey,
      lamports: lamportsToSend,
    })
  );

  await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transferTransaction, [
    fromKeypair,
  ]);
})();

from solana.rpc.api import Client
from solana.keypair import Keypair
from solana.transaction import Transaction
from solana.system_program import TransferParams, transfer

LAMPORT_PER_SOL = 1000000000

client: Client = Client("https://api.devnet.solana.com")

sender = Keypair.generate()
receiver = Keypair.generate()

airdrop = client.request_airdrop(sender.public_key, 1 * LAMPORT_PER_SOL)
airdrop_signature = airdrop["result"]
client.confirm_transaction(airdrop_signature)

transaction = Transaction().add(transfer(TransferParams(
    from_pubkey=sender.public_key,
    to_pubkey=receiver.public_key,
    lamports=1_000_000)
))

client.send_transaction(transaction, sender)

import { WalletNotConnectedError } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-base";
import { useConnection, useWallet } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import { Keypair, SystemProgram, Transaction } from "@solana/web3.js";
import React, { FC, useCallback } from "react";

export const SendTenLamportToRandomAddress: FC = () => {
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const { publicKey, sendTransaction } = useWallet();

  const onClick = useCallback(async () => {
    if (!publicKey) throw new WalletNotConnectedError();

    const transaction = new Transaction().add(
      SystemProgram.transfer({
        fromPubkey: publicKey,
        toPubkey: Keypair.generate().publicKey,
        lamports: 1_000_000,
      })
    );

    const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection);

    await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "processed");
  }, [publicKey, sendTransaction, connection]);

  return (
    <button onClick={onClick} disabled={!publicKey}>
      Send 1 lamport to a random address!
    </button>
  );
};

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_program::system_instruction;
use solana_sdk::commitment_config::CommitmentConfig;
use solana_sdk::native_token::LAMPORTS_PER_SOL;
use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};
use solana_sdk::transaction::Transaction;

fn main() {
    let from = Keypair::new();
    let frompubkey = Signer::pubkey(&from);

    let to = Keypair::new();
    let topubkey = Signer::pubkey(&to);

    let lamports_to_send = 1_000_000;

    let rpc_url = String::from("https://api.devnet.solana.com");
    let connection = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(rpc_url, CommitmentConfig::confirmed());

    ///Airdropping some Sol to the 'from' account
    match connection.request_airdrop(&frompubkey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL) {
        Ok(sig) => loop {
            if let Ok(confirmed) = connection.confirm_transaction(&sig) {
                if confirmed {
                    println!("Transaction: {} Status: {}", sig, confirmed);
                    break;
                }
            }
        },
        Err(_) => println!("Error requesting airdrop"),
    };

    ///Creating the transfer sol instruction
    let ix = system_instruction::transfer(&frompubkey, &topubkey, lamports_to_send);

    ///Putting the transfer sol instruction into a transaction
    let recent_blockhash = connection.get_latest_blockhash().expect("Failed to get latest blockhash.");
    let txn = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&frompubkey), &[&from], recent_blockhash);

    ///Sending the transfer sol transaction
    match connection.send_and_confirm_transaction(&txn){
        Ok(sig) => loop {
            if let Ok(confirmed) = connection.confirm_transaction(&sig) {
                if confirmed {
                    println!("Transaction: {} Status: {}", sig, confirmed);
                    break;
                }
            }
        },
        Err(e) => println!("Error transferring Sol:, {}", e),
    }

}

solana transfer --from <KEYPAIR> <RECIPIENT_ACCOUNT_ADDRESS> 0.001 --allow-unfunded-recipient --url https://api.devnet.solana.com --fee-payer <KEYPAIR>

Làm thế nào để gửi SPL-Tokens

Sử dụng Token Programopen in new window để gửi SPL Tokens. Để gửi SPL token, bạn cần biết địa chỉ token account tương ứng SPL Token được gửi. Bạ có thể biết được địa chỉ gửi và nhận bằng cí dụ dưới đây.

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const web3 = require("@solana/web3.js");
const { Token } = require("@solana/spl-token");

(async () => {
  // Connect to cluster
  const connection = new web3.Connection(
    web3.clusterApiUrl("devnet"),
    "confirmed"
  );

  // Generate a new wallet keypair and airdrop SOL
  var fromWallet = web3.Keypair.generate();
  var fromAirdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    fromWallet.publicKey,
    web3.LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );
  // Wait for airdrop confirmation
  await connection.confirmTransaction(fromAirdropSignature);

  // Generate a new wallet to receive newly minted token
  const toWallet = web3.Keypair.generate();

  // Create new token mint
  const mint = await Token.createMint(
    connection,
    fromWallet,
    fromWallet.publicKey,
    null,
    9,
    splToken.TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
  );

  // Get the token account of the fromWallet Solana address, if it does not exist, create it
  const fromTokenAccount = await mint.getOrCreateAssociatedAccountInfo(
    fromWallet.publicKey
  );

  //get the token account of the toWallet Solana address, if it does not exist, create it
  const toTokenAccount = await mint.getOrCreateAssociatedAccountInfo(
    toWallet.publicKey
  );

  // Minting 1 new token to the "fromTokenAccount" account we just returned/created
  await mint.mintTo(
    fromTokenAccount.address,
    fromWallet.publicKey,
    [],
    1000000000
  );

  // Add token transfer instructions to transaction
  const transaction = new web3.Transaction().add(
    splToken.Token.createTransferInstruction(
      splToken.TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
      fromTokenAccount.address,
      toTokenAccount.address,
      fromWallet.publicKey,
      [],
      1
    )
  );

  // Sign transaction, broadcast, and confirm
  await web3.sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transaction, [fromWallet]);
})();

import { WalletNotConnectedError } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-base";
import { useConnection, useWallet } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import { Keypair, SystemProgram, Transaction } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, createTransferInstruction } from "@solana/spl-token";
import React, { FC, useCallback } from "react";

export const SendSPLTokenToAddress: FC = (
  fromTokenAccount,
  toTokenAccount,
  fromWallet
) => {
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const { publicKey, sendTransaction } = useWallet();

  const onClick = useCallback(async () => {
    if (!publicKey) throw new WalletNotConnectedError();

    const transaction = new Transaction().add(
      createTransferInstruction(
        fromTokenAccount.address,
        toTokenAccount.address,
        fromWallet.publicKey,
        1,
        [],
        TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
      )
    );

    const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection);

    await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "processed");
  }, [publicKey, sendTransaction, connection]);

  return (
    <button onClick={onClick} disabled={!publicKey}>
      Send 1 lamport to a random address!
    </button>
  );
};

$ spl-token transfer AQoKYV7tYpTrFZN6P5oUufbQKAUr9mNYGe1TTJC9wajM 50 vines1vzrYbzLMRdu58ou5XTby4qAqVRLmqo36NKPTg
Transfer 50 tokens
  Sender: 7UX2i7SucgLMQcfZ75s3VXmZZY4YRUyJN9X1RgfMoDUi
  Recipient: vines1vzrYbzLMRdu58ou5XTby4qAqVRLmqo36NKPTg
  Recipient associated token account: F59618aQB8r6asXeMcB9jWuY6NEx1VduT9yFo1GTi1ks

Signature: 5a3qbvoJQnTAxGPHCugibZTbSu7xuTgkxvF4EJupRjRXGgZZrnWFmKzfEzcqKF2ogCaF4QKVbAtuFx7xGwrDUcGd

Làm thế nào để tính chi phí gửi transaction

Số lượng chữ ký bên trong một transaction sẽ phản ánh chi phí cho transaction đó. CHỉ cần bạn không tạo mới account, đó cũng chính là chi phí phải trả cho transaction đó. Trong trường hợp phát sinh chi phí thuê, tham khảo tính toán phí thuê.

Hai ví dụ sau đây sẽ trình bày 2 cách hiện hành để ước tính chi phí của một transaction.

Ví dụ đầu tiên sử dụng getEstimatedFee, là một phương thức mới được thêm vào lớp Transaction, trong khi ví dụ 2 sử dụng getFeeForMessage, là phương thức thay thế cho getFeeCalculatorForBlockhash trong lớp Connection.

getEstimatedFee

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import {
  clusterApiUrl,
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  // Connect to cluster
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");

  const payer = Keypair.generate();
  const payee = Keypair.generate();

  const recentBlockhash = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();

  const transaction = new Transaction({
    recentBlockhash: recentBlockhash.blockhash, 
    feePayer: payer.publicKey
  }).add(
    SystemProgram.transfer({
      fromPubkey: payer.publicKey,
      toPubkey: payee.publicKey,
      lamports: 10,
    })
  );

  const fees = await transaction.getEstimatedFee(connection);
  console.log(`Estimated SOL transfer cost: ${fees} lamports`);
  // Estimated SOL transfer cost: 5000 lamports
})();

getFeeForMessage

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import {
  clusterApiUrl,
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  Message,
  SystemProgram,
  SYSTEM_INSTRUCTION_LAYOUTS,
  Transaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import bs58 from "bs58";

(async () => {
  // Connect to cluster
  const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("devnet"), "confirmed");

  const payer = Keypair.generate();
  const payee = Keypair.generate();

  const type = SYSTEM_INSTRUCTION_LAYOUTS.Transfer;
  const data = Buffer.alloc(type.layout.span);
  const layoutFields = Object.assign({ instruction: type.index });
  type.layout.encode(layoutFields, data);

  const recentBlockhash = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();

  const messageParams = {
    accountKeys: [
      payer.publicKey.toString(),
      payee.publicKey.toString(),
      SystemProgram.programId.toString(),
    ],
    header: {
      numReadonlySignedAccounts: 0,
      numReadonlyUnsignedAccounts: 1,
      numRequiredSignatures: 1,
    },
    instructions: [
      {
        accounts: [0, 1],
        data: bs58.encode(data),
        programIdIndex: 2,
      },
    ],
    recentBlockhash: recentBlockhash.blockhash,
  };

  const message = new Message(messageParams);

  const fees = await connection.getFeeForMessage(message);
  console.log(`Estimated SOL transfer cost: ${fees.value} lamports`);
  // Estimated SOL transfer cost: 5000 lamports
})();

Làm thế nào để thêm ghi chú và một transaction

Bất kỳ transaction nào cũng có thể được thêm một ghi chú thông qua memo programopen in new window. Hiện tại, programID của Memo Program có thể thêm thủ công bằng địa chỉ MemoSq4gqABAXKb96qnH8TysNcWxMyWCqXgDLGmfcHr.

Press </> button to view full source
import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const fromKeypair = Keypair.generate();
  const toKeypair = Keypair.generate();

  const connection = new Connection(
    "https://api.devnet.solana.com",
    "confirmed"
  );

  const airdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    fromKeypair.publicKey,
    LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );

  await connection.confirmTransaction(airdropSignature);

  const lamportsToSend = 10;

  const transferTransaction = new Transaction().add(
    SystemProgram.transfer({
      fromPubkey: fromKeypair.publicKey,
      toPubkey: toKeypair.publicKey,
      lamports: lamportsToSend,
    })
  );

  await transferTransaction.add(
    new TransactionInstruction({
      keys: [
        { pubkey: fromKeypair.publicKey, isSigner: true, isWritable: true },
      ],
      data: Buffer.from("Data to send in transaction", "utf-8"),
      programId: new PublicKey("MemoSq4gqABAXKb96qnH8TysNcWxMyWCqXgDLGmfcHr"),
    })
  );

  await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transferTransaction, [
    fromKeypair,
  ]);
})();

import { WalletNotConnectedError } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-base";
import { useConnection, useWallet } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import {
  Keypair,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import React, { FC, useCallback } from "react";

export const SendTenLamportToRandomAddress: FC = () => {
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const { publicKey, sendTransaction } = useWallet();

  const onClick = useCallback(async () => {
    if (!publicKey) throw new WalletNotConnectedError();

    const transaction = new Transaction().add(
      SystemProgram.transfer({
        fromPubkey: publicKey,
        toPubkey: Keypair.generate().publicKey,
        lamports: 10,
      })
    );

    await transaction.add(
      new TransactionInstruction({
        keys: [{ pubkey: publicKey, isSigner: true, isWritable: true }],
        data: Buffer.from("Data to send in transaction", "utf-8"),
        programId: new PublicKey("MemoSq4gqABAXKb96qnH8TysNcWxMyWCqXgDLGmfcHr"),
      })
    );

    const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection);

    await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "processed");
  }, [publicKey, sendTransaction, connection]);

  return (
    <button onClick={onClick} disabled={!publicKey}>
      Send 1 lamport to a random address!
    </button>
  );
};

solana transfer --from <KEYPAIR> <RECIPIENT_ACCOUNT_ADDRESS> 0.5 --allow-unfunded-recipient --url https://api.devnet.solana.com --fee-payer <KEYPAIR> --with-memo <MEMO>

Làm thế nào để thay đổi ngân sách tính toán cho một transaction

Ngân sách tính toán cho một transaction có thể thay đổi được bằng cách thêm vào một chỉ thị gọi đến Compute Budget Program. Mặc định, ngân sách tính toán được thiết lập ở mức 200k đơn vị tính toán nhân với số lượng chỉ thị và không vượt quá 1.4M đơn vị tính toán. Càng ít bước tính toán, chi phí bỏ ra sẽ càng ít.

Lưu ý: Để thay đổi ngân sách tính toán, bạn phải chắc rằng chỉ thị đầu tiên trong 3 chỉ thị của transaction là thiết lập ngân sách.

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import { BN } from "@project-serum/anchor";
import {
  Keypair,
  Connection,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  ComputeBudgetProgram,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const payer = Keypair.generate();
  const toAccount = Keypair.generate().publicKey;

  const connection = new Connection("http://127.0.0.1:8899", "confirmed");

  const airdropSignature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    payer.publicKey,
    LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );

  await connection.confirmTransaction(airdropSignature);

  const modifyComputeUnits = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ 
    units: 1000000 
  });

  const addPriorityFee = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({ 
    microLamports: 1 
  });

  // Total fee will be 5,001 Lamports for 1M CU
  const transaction = new Transaction()
    .add(modifyComputeUnits)
    .add(addPriorityFee)
    .add(
      SystemProgram.transfer({
        fromPubkey: payer.publicKey,
        toPubkey: toAccount,
        lamports: 10000000,
      })
    );

  const signature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, transaction, [
    payer,
  ]);
  console.log(signature);
  const result = await connection.getParsedTransaction(signature);
  console.log(result);
})();

//! @brief Example Budget Management

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_program::{instruction::Instruction, message::Message, pubkey::Pubkey};
use solana_sdk::{
    compute_budget::ComputeBudgetInstruction,
    pubkey,
    signature::{Keypair, Signature},
    signer::Signer,
    transaction::Transaction,
};

/// Submits the program instruction as per the instruction definition
fn submit_transaction(
    rpc_client: &RpcClient,
    wallet_signer: &dyn Signer,
    instructions: Vec<Instruction>,
) -> Result<Signature, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut transaction =
        Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(&instructions, Some(&wallet_signer.pubkey())));
    let recent_blockhash = rpc_client
        .get_latest_blockhash()
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: unable to get recent blockhash: {}", err))?;
    transaction
        .try_sign(&vec![wallet_signer], recent_blockhash)
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: failed to sign transaction: {}", err))?;
    let signature = rpc_client
        .send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: send transaction: {}", err))?;
    Ok(signature)
}

const PROG_KEY: Pubkey = pubkey!("PWDnx8LkjJUn9bAVzG6Fp6BuvB41x7DkBZdo9YLMGcc");

/// Increase the Transaction Budget and call normal instruction(s)
/// Here we send redundant transactions to witness Compute Budget drawdown
fn send_instructions_demo(
    rpc_client: &RpcClient,
    wallet_signer: &dyn Signer,
) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {{
    let accounts = &[];
    let txn = submit_transaction(
        &connection,
        &wallet_signer,
        // Array of instructions: 0: Set Compute Unit Limt, 1: Set Prioritization Fee, 
        // 2: Do something, 3: Do something else
        [ComputeBudgetInstruction::set_compute_unit_limit(1_000_000u32),
        ComputeBudgetInstruction::set_compute_unit_price(1u32),
        Instruction::new_with_borsh(PROG_KEY, &0u8, accounts.to_vec()),
        Instruction::new_with_borsh(PROG_KEY, &0u8, accounts.to_vec())].to_vec(),
    )?;
    println!("{:?}", txn);
    Ok(())
}

Ví dụ kết quả in ra của Program:

[ 1] Program ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111 invoke [1]
[ 2] Program ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111 success
[ 3]
[ 4] Program ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111 invoke [1]
[ 5] Program ComputeBudget111111111111111111111111111111 success
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